Isiqandisi inqubo yokudala izimo zokupholisa ngokususa ukushisa.Isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukugcina ukudla nezinye izinto ezibolayo, ukuvimbela izifo ezitholakala ekudleni.Isebenza ngoba ukukhula kwamagciwane kuncipha emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Izindlela zokulondoloza ukudla ngokupholisa sezinezinkulungwane zeminyaka zikhona, kodwa isiqandisi sesimanje siwukusungulwa kwamuva nje.Namuhla, isidingo sesiqandisi kanye nesimo somoya simelela cishe amaphesenti angu-20 okusetshenziswa kwamandla emhlabeni wonke, ngokusho kwe-athikili ka-2015 ku-International Journal of Refrigeration.
Umlando
AmaShayina asika futhi agcina iqhwa cishe ngo-1000 BC, futhi eminyakeni engu-500 kamuva, abaseGibhithe namaNdiya bafunda ukushiya izimbiza zobumba ebusuku ukuze benze iqhwa, ngokusho kwe-Keep It Cool, inkampani yokufudumeza nokupholisa e-Lake Park, eFlorida.Ezinye izimpucuko, njengamaGreki, amaRoma namaHeberu, zazigcina iqhwa emigodini futhi ziyimboze ngezinto ezihlukahlukene zokuvikela ukushisa, ngokusho kukamagazini i-History.Ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene eYurophu phakathi nekhulu le-17, i-saltpeter eyayincibilika emanzini yatholakala ukuze idale izimo zokupholisa futhi yasetshenziselwa ukwakha iqhwa.Ngekhulu le-18, abantu baseYurophu babeqoqa iqhwa ebusika, balifake usawoti, baligoqe ngefulaneli, baligcine ngaphansi komhlaba lapho lalihlala khona izinyanga.Iqhwa laze lathunyelwa kwezinye izindawo emhlabeni jikelele, ngokusho kwesihloko sango-2004 esanyatheliswa kujenali ye-American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE).
Ukupholisa okuhwamukayo
Umqondo wokuqandisa ngomshini waqala lapho uWilliam Cullen, udokotela waseScotland, ebona ukuthi ukuhwamuka kwakunomphumela wokupholisa ngawo-1720.Wabonisa imibono yakhe ngo-1748 ngokuhwamulisa i-ethyl ether endaweni engenalutho, ngokusho kwePeak Mechanical Partnership, inkampani yokufaka amapayipi nokushisisa eseSaskatoon, eSaskatchewan.
U-Oliver Evans, umsunguli waseMelika, waklama kodwa akazange akhe umshini wesiqandisi owasebenzisa umhwamuko esikhundleni soketshezi ngo-1805. Ngo-1820, usosayensi oyiNgisi uMichael Faraday wasebenzisa i-ammonia ewuketshezi ukuze enze ukupholisa.U-Jacob Perkins, owasebenza no-Evans, wathola ilungelo lobunikazi lomjikelezo we-vaporcompression esebenzisa i-ammonia ewuketshezi ngo-1835, ngokusho kwe-History of Refrigeration.Ngenxa yalokho, ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi “uyise wesiqandisi.” UJohn Gorrie, udokotela waseMelika, naye wakha umshini ofana nomklamo ka-Evans ngo-1842. UGorrie wasebenzisa isiqandisi sakhe, esakha iqhwa, ukuze apholise iziguli ezine-yellow fever. esibhedlela saseFlorida.U-Gorrie wathola ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala lase-US ngendlela yakhe yokwenza iqhwa ngokwenziwa ngo-1851.
Abanye abasunguli emhlabeni jikelele baqhubekile nokuthuthukisa izindlela ezintsha futhi bathuthukise izindlela ezikhona zesiqandisi, ngokusho kwePeak Mechanical, okuhlanganisa:
UFerdinand Carré, unjiniyela ongumFulentshi, wenza isiqandisi esasisebenzisa ingxube ye-ammonia namanzi ngo-1859.
U-Carl von Linde, usosayensi waseJalimane, wasungula umshini ophathwayo wesiqandisi we-compressor usebenzisa i-methyl ether ngo-1873, futhi ngo-1876 washintshela ku-ammonia.Ngo-1894, uLinde wasungula nezindlela ezintsha zokuncibilikisa umoya omningi.
1899, u-Albert T. Marshall, umsunguli waseMelika, unelungelo lobunikazi besiqandisi esiyimishini sokuqala.
Isazi sefiziksi esidumile u-Albert Einstein wagunyaza isiqandisi ngo-1930 ngombono wokwenza isiqandisi esivumelana nemvelo esingenazo izingxenye ezinyakazayo futhi asizange sithembele kugesi.
Ukuthandwa kweziqandisi ezithengiswayo kwakhula ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngenxa yezindawo zokuphisa utshwala, ngokwe-Peak Mechanical, lapho kwafakwa khona isiqandisi sokuqala endaweni yokukhiqiza utshwala eBrooklyn, eNew York, ngo-1870. kwadingeka isiqandisi.
Imboni yokupakisha inyama yalandela isiqandisi sokuqala esethulwa eChicago ngo-1900, ngokusho kukamagazini i-History, futhi cishe eminyakeni engu-15 kamuva, cishe zonke izitshalo ezipakisha inyama zazisebenzisa iziqandisi. kwadingeka isiqandisi.
Namuhla, cishe wonke amakhaya e-United States - amaphesenti angu-99 - okungenani anefriji eyodwa, futhi cishe amaphesenti angu-26 amakhaya ase-US anengaphezu kweyodwa, ngokombiko we-2009 woMnyango Wezamandla wase-US.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-04-2022